Web Programming

Create applications for the Web.

The following table outlines common web development tasks and relevant Rust crates. The Rust web ecosystem offers a variety of options, from low-level networking to high-level frameworks.

Topic	Rust Crates	Notes
Web Frameworks (Full-Stack)	`axum`⮳, `actix-web`⮳, `rocket`⮳, `warp`⮳	These frameworks provide tools for building web applications, including routing, middleware, templating, and more. `actix-web`⮳ is known for its performance. `axum`⮳ is built on top of `tower`⮳ and `hyper`⮳. `rocket`⮳ uses a more declarative approach. `warp`⮳ is a more lightweight framework.
Front-end Frameworks (WASM)	`yew`⮳, `leptos`⮳, `seed`⮳, `dominator`⮳	These frameworks enable building interactive web UIs with Rust compiled to WebAssembly (WASM). They provide component-based architectures and other tools for structuring front-end applications.
HTTP Servers	Covered by web frameworks.	Web frameworks typically handle HTTP server functionality.
REST API Design	Often uses web frameworks and serialization crates like `serde`⮳.	REST APIs are typically built using web frameworks and serialization crates.
HTTP Clients	`reqwest`⮳, `isahc`⮳	These crates provide HTTP client functionality for making requests to external services.
Routing	Covered by web frameworks.	Web frameworks provide routing mechanisms to map requests to handlers.
Middleware	Often provided by web frameworks or through crates like `tower`⮳.	Middleware allows you to add functionality to the request/response pipeline.
Templating	`minijinja`⮳, `tera`⮳, `handlebars`⮳, `askama`⮳	Templating engines are used to generate HTML dynamically.
Web Authentication & Authorization	`actix-web-httpauth`⮳ (for Actix Web), `tower-http`⮳ (generic middleware)	Authentication and authorization are often handled through middleware or dedicated crates.
WebSockets	`tokio-tungstenite`⮳, `async-tungstenite`⮳	These crates provide WebSocket support.
GraphQL	`async-graphql`⮳, `juniper`⮳	These crates enable building GraphQL APIs.
Static Site Generation (SSG)	`perseus`⮳ (based on `sycamore`), `zola`⮳	These tools generate static websites from templates and content.

Choosing the Right Crates

Full-Stack Web App: axum⮳, actix-web⮳, rocket⮳, warp⮳.
Front-end Web App (WASM): yew⮳, seed⮳, leptos⮳.
REST API: Web framework + serde⮳.
GraphQL API: async-graphql⮳.
Static Site Generation: perseus⮳, zola⮳.

Code Examples

HTTP Types & Interfaces

Recipe	Crates	Categories
`http`
`http-body`	[![http-body][c-http-body-badge]][c-http-body]
`http-body-util`	[![http-body-util][c-http-body-util-badge]][c-http-body-util]

Manipulate Uniform Resource Locations (URLs)

Recipe	Crates	Categories
Parse a URL from a String to a `Url` Type
Create a Base URL by Removing Path Segments
Create new URLs from a Base URL
Extract the URL Origin (scheme / Host / port)
Remove Fragment Identifiers and Query Pairs from a URL

Handle Media Types (MIME)

Recipe	Crates	Categories
Get a MIME Type from a String
Get a MIME Type from a Filename
Parse the MIME Type of a HTTP Response

Web Page Scraping

Recipe	Crates	Categories
Extract all Links from the HTML of a Webpage
Check a Webpage for Broken Links
Extract all Unique Links from a MediaWiki Markup

HTTP Clients

See Web Programming: HTTP Client.

HTTP Servers

See Web Programming: HTTP Server.

Web Authentication & Authorization

See Authentication.

GraphQL

See GraphQL.

WebSockets

See Web Programming: Websocket.

Topic	Rust Crates (Examples)	Notes
Asynchronous Programming (Essential for Web)	`tokio`⮳, `async-std`⮳	These are asynchronous runtimes that are fundamental for writing efficient and scalable web applications in Rust.
Databases	`sqlx`⮳, `diesel`⮳, `mongodb`⮳ (drivers)	These crates provide database access for various database systems.
Networking (Low-Level)	`tokio::net`, `std::net`	These modules provide low-level networking primitives. Often used by higher-level frameworks.
Serialization/Deserialization (JSON, etc.)	`serde`⮳, `serde_json`⮳, `serde_yml`⮳	`serde`⮳ is a powerful framework for serializing and deserializing data, often used with JSON and other formats.
Testing	Built-in testing framework, `reqwest`⮳ for integration testing	Rust has a built-in testing framework, and `reqwest`⮳ can be used for integration testing of web services.

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